Environment ENM Hitting/Commute Time Gaussian Network Model Anisotropic Network Model MembrANM ANM Deformation

 

Theory

 

Environment GNM (envGNM)

 

Gaussian Network Model (GNM) is a powerful tool to sample conformational dynamics based on contact topology in a coarse-grained presentation. Here we present a method to consider protein dynamics in the presence of ‘environment’ (1). The ‘environment’ here can be crystal contacts defined in structures solved by x-ray crystallography, a protein in homo-/hetero-dimers, a part of a protein complex, the DNA in complexed with transcription factors, or even a large ligand (or ligands) in a protein. The protein dynamics, in the presence of these ‘environments’, can be assessed in a more rigorous physics ground (the size and number of the orthogonal normal modes are the same as those in unperturbed systems (in the absence of the environment)) with our theories (2) that guarantee our implementations to be more efficient (saving 3/4 time, assuming equal size of system and environment), more memory friendly (saving >1/2 time) and more accurate (enhanced correlation between predictions and B-factors). The environment consideration in ANM theory was published (1) and reviewed (2); its GNM counterpart is first derived in this work and proven to be more accurate in the B-factor predictions than conventional GNM.

 

envGNM can be derived as follows.

 

Start from potential energy function of GNM,

                                                 (1)

                                                           (2)

 

In a N node system, the state vector is  and the state vector represent the system difference between instantaneous state and equilibrium state;  are a Hessian matrix of GNM model and a spring constant, respectively.

 is a N by N topology matrix, which the off-diagonal element  = -1 if node I is contact with node j; the diagonal element .

 

Separate the total system to system and environment, so  can be represent by 4 sub blocks: ,,,

                                                           (3)

                                                           (4)

 

 contains the Hessian elements of the protein/DNA system; have only Hessian elements of the environment;  and  are the Hessian elements that represent the interactions between the protein/DNA system and the environment.

 

On the other hand,  can be split into 2 parts,  and  where n is the number of nodes of the system, and rewrite to

                                                  (5)

Here  and  are the displacement vectors of the protein/DNA system and the environment, respectively.

 

Now, we turn the form of Eq. 2 into system and environment representation.

                                                           (6)

The small perturbations from environment will not affect the system when the system is at equilibrium, . Therefore, Eq. 6 can be simplified at this condition.

                                                          (7)

                                                          (8)

 

Substitution of Eq. 8 into Eq. 6 we obtain

 

                                                              (9)

                                                        (10)

                                                           (11)

 

Consider the middle term of Eq. 11 as a new Hessian,:

 

               We define                                                            (12)

 

to have

                                                              (13)

 

From Eq. 1 and Eq. 2

 

                                                                (14)

 

Where the  is a Kronecker product operator which has the following properties:

 

                                                               

 

 can be separated into 4 blocks similar to Eq. 3,

 

                                                              (15)

 

Substitute Eq. 15 into Eq. 14 to get

 

                                                          (16)

 

Therefore,  can be rewrite as

 

                                                             (17)

 

Simplify Eq. 17 base on the properties of Kronecker product operator,

 

                                                             (18)

                                                            (19)

                                                         (20)

 

Consider the first part of Eq. 20 as a new topology matrix,

 

                                                               (21)

 

Substitute Eq. 21 into Eq. 13to get

 

                                                              (22)

 

So that we can obtain the covariance:

                                                             (23)

 

 

 

Environment ANM (envANM)

 

Anisotropic Network Model (ANM) is another powerful and widely used network model. The theory of envANM can be similarly derived as envGNM (above) (1,2).

 

 

Reference

1.         Ming, D. and Wall, M.E. (2005) Allostery in a coarse-grained model of protein dynamics. Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 198103.

2.         Bahar, I., Lezon, T.R., Bakan, A. and Shrivastava, I.H. (2010) Normal Mode Analysis of Biomolecular Structures: Functional Mechanisms of Membrane Proteins. Chem. Rev., 110, 1463-1497.